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Metastatic Breast Cancer

Metastatic breast cancer, also known as stage IV breast cancer, is the most advanced stage of breast cancer. It occurs when breast cancer cells have spread (metastasized) from the original tumor in the breast to other parts of the body. This spread is often through the bloodstream or lymphatic system and can result in secondary tumors in distant organs.

The different types of metastatic breast cancer are classified based on the characteristics of the original breast cancer and the locations to which it has spread. The types are:

 

  1. Luminal Metastasis: Cancer cells have spread to the lymph nodes, which are part of the body's immune system.

  2. Distant Metastasis: Cancer has spread to other organs or tissues, such as the bones, liver, lungs, or brain.

  3. Bone Metastasis: This is a common site for breast cancer to spread, often causing pain and increasing the risk of fractures.

  4. Liver Metastasis: Breast cancer cells have spread to the liver, which can lead to symptoms like jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain, and fatigue.

  5. Lung Metastasis: When breast cancer spreads to the lungs, it can cause symptoms like cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain.

  6. Brain Metastasis: Also known as brain metastases or brain转移 ("metastases" in English), this occurs when breast cancer cells travel to the brain and form tumors there, potentially causing symptoms like headaches, seizures, and changes in personality or behavior.

  7. Soft Tissue and Visceral Metastasis: This refers to the spread of cancer to other tissues and organs, which can include the skin, soft tissues, and internal organs.

 

Each type of metastatic breast cancer may require a different approach to treatment, which can include chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, and palliative care to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. The prognosis for metastatic breast cancer is generally poorer compared to earlier stages, but advancements in treatment have improved survival rates and outcomes for many patients.